Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Caravaggist School of Painting. Themes of courtesan, cheaters. e.g. George de la Tour.

Cardigan, James Brudenell, Earl of. 1797-1868. British General. Led Charge of the Light Brigade. Tennyson. Crimean War.

Carib. Warlike natives of Amazon Basin. 15C conquered Arawak. Cannibals. Decimated by disease. St Vincent.

Carloman. 751-771. Charlemagne’s brother and co-ruler.

Carlos, Don. 1788-1855. Claimed Spanish throne 1833, succeeding brother Ferdinand VII. Carlists.

Carlyle, Thomas. 1795-1881. Scottish writer: Heroes and Hero Worship 1841. Cromwell’s Letters 1845. -“Britain-the chosen nation”.

Carnot, Lazare. 1753-1823. French mathematician. Called “organizer of victory” by Revolutionaries. Member of Directory, Tribunal. Instituted conscription.

Carnot, Sadi. 1837-94. President of the Third French Republic, 1887-. Assassinated.

Carothers, Wallace. 1896-1937. Invented nylon, 1935 at duPont.

Carpetbagger. 1865-77. Northern politicians in S US during Reconstruction.

Carpion. Greek. An architect of Parthenon.

Carson, Rachel. 1907-64. US biologist: The Silent Spring 1962.

Caryatid. Draped female figure used as arch. column. Esp. Erechtheum, Athens c420BC.

Cassiopeia. Andromeda’s mother.

Castillon, Battle. 1453. Final English defeat in the Hundred Years War.

Cather, Willa. 1873-1947. US novelist. O Pioneers 1913.

Catherine, St. 4C. Virgin martyred on the wheel in Alexandria.

Catherine de Medici. 1519-89. Wife of Henry II, mother of 3 French kings, built Tuileries Palace. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

Catherine I. c1684-1727. Empress of Russia 1725-.

Catherine II, the Great. 1729-96. Autocratic Empress of Russia, 1762-. Overthrew husband, Peter III. Annexed Crimea, Polish territory.

Catherine of Aragon. 1485-1536. First wife of Henry VIII. Marriage annulled.

Catherine of Sienna, St. 1347-80. Influential Italian mystic. Patron saint of Italy.

Catherine of Valois. 1401-37. Wife of Henry V. Mother of Henry VI and VII of England.Tudor.

Catiline. 109-62BC. Roman patrician who conspired against Cicero and the Senate.

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