North Sea Gas. 1967.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Orestes. Electra’s brother. Killed mother and her lover to avenge death of his father, Agamemnon.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

Philip II. 1527-98. Spanish king. Revolt, 1579. Married Mary I of England. Sent Armada against Elizabeth I, 1588. Counter-Reformation champion.

Philippics. Acrimonious orations of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedonia.

Pilgrimage of Grace. 1536. Catholic uprising in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire against dissolution of monasteries, taxation and inflation.

Plantagenet. 1154-1485. English dynasty. Lancaster, York. Angevins. Geoffrey.

Radek, Karl. 1885-1939. Russian. COMINTERN leader, propagandist. Purged.

Rankin, Jeanette. 1880-1973. First US Congresswoman. 1917-9, 1941-3. Only vote against declaring war on Japan. WWII.

Reagan, Ronald. 1911-2004. US actor, Republican President 1981-9. Tax reform. Strong economy. Aid to Nicaragua Contras. Irangate scandal. Fall of Soviet Empire.

Reformation. 16C religious movement against practices of Roman Catholic church led to founding of Protestant churches. Luther. Calvin. Knox. Zwingli. Henry VIII.

Ruche, La. the Beehive. Montparnasse Avant-garde artist residence and studio, 1900-30. Chagall. Léger.

Savonarola, Girolamo. 1452-98. Led Florence 1494- after Medici overthrow. Reformer against vice and corruption in the church and society. Burned books, paintings, luxuries. Hung+burned.

Scaevola, Gaius. Legendary hero. Saved Rome from Etruscans c509BC.

Seven Against Thebes. Legendary Greek heroes, fought to restore Thebes throne to Polynices.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Spartacus. -71BC. Leader of slaves revolt against Rome 73BC. Defeated and killed by Crassus. Servile War.

Speyer, Diet. 1526,1529. Luther’s protest against the church’s intolerance of Reformers.

St Petersburg. 1703 Founded by Peter I. 1914 =Petrograd. 1924 =Leningrad. 1991 =St Petersburg again.

Star Chamber. 1327-1641. English tribunal to try offences against the state. Abused by Charles I.

Suárez, Francisco. 1548-1617. Spanish Scholastic philosopher, Jesuit theologian. Wrote against divine right of kings.

Surrealism. 1920-. Artistic and literary movement dealing with the expression of the subconscious mind, fantasy, dreams. Klee, Dali, de Chirico, Chagall.

Tagalog. Filipino ethnic group, official language.

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