Solemn League and Covenant. National Covenant.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Soviet. Basic governing body of USSR. Legislative +executive functions from local to national.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Speer, Albert. 1905-81. Architect, Nazi war production organizer.

SS. 1928-1945. Nazi police reporting directly to Hitler. Blackshirts. Gestapo. Himmler. SA.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Strasser, Gregor. 1892-1934. German Nazi leader, Hitler rival. Assassinated.

Streicher, Julius. 1885-1946. German Nazi leader. Executed.

Suez Canal. 1850BC First. 600BC Necho II. 500BC Darius I. 250BC Ptolemy II. 100 Trajan. 1859-69 Built by Lesseps. 1875 Britain buys 44%. 1956 Egypt Nationalizes.

Suez Crisis. 1956. Denied US finance for Aswan Dam, Egypt nationalizes canal. Israel invades Sinai. France, Britain try to retake canal. UN occupies Canal Zone.

Sukarno. 1901-70. Indonesian nationalist leader, president 1949-67. Sought communist ties. Authoritative ‘guided democracy’.

Sunderland, Earl of. 1674-1722. British Whig minister. South Sea National Debt scheme.

Tangier. 15C BC Phoenicia. Carthage. Rome = Tingis. 429 Vandal. 541 Byzantine. 621 Visigoth. c682 Moslem. 1471-17C Spain, Portugal dispute. 1661 English. 1684 Morocco. 1923 International neutral port. 1940-45 Spanish occupy. 1956 Morocco.

Templars. 1119-1312. Founded by Baldwin II and 9 knights in the Holy Land to protect pilgrims. Created International banking system, 9,000 commanderies, and owned 1/4 of Paris when dissolved by Philip IV, 1307; and Edward II, 1308. Council of Vienne.

Tennis Court Oath. 1789. French Third Estate vows to obtain constitution. Declaration of authority of National Assembly.

Third Estate. Part of States General 1789. National Assembly. French Revolution.

Three Principles of the People. 1923. Sun Yat-sen: Nationalism, freedom from Imperial rule; Democracy; Livelihood.

Tone, Wolfe. 1763-98. Irish nationalist leader, rebel. Led French force to Ireland 1798. Suicide. United Irishmen.

Totalitarianism. Government which tries to fully control life of citizens. Fascist Italy. Nazi Germany. Communist Russia.

Treitschke, Heinrich von. 1834-96. German Nationalist historian. Authoritarianism. History of Germany 1879-94.

Trotsky. Lev Bronstein. 1879-1940. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, with Lenin anti-Stalin. “Worldwide Permanent Revolution”-socialism in Russia requires revolution everywhere. Favoured International Communism over Stalin’s Russian nationalism. Organized First Soviet 1905. Twice banished to Siberia by Czar. 1918 War Commissar...Red Army. Banished by Stalin 1929. Murdered in exile in Mexico.

Turnverein. 1811. German Nationalist gymnastic movement vs Napoleon. Jahn.

Vaughan Williams, Ralph. 1872-1958. English Nationalist composer of symphonies, ballads, songs. Combined folk idiom with 16C polyphony. Sea 1910. Pastoral Symphony 1922.

Verdi, Giusseppe. 1813-1901. Italian Nationalist operatic composer. Otello. Rigoletto 1851. Traviata 1853. Aida 1871.

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