Sloane, Hans. 1660-1753. British collector. His legacy began the British Museum.

Smetana, Bedrich. 1824-84. Czech Nationalist opera composer. Bartered Bride 1866. “-Father of Czech music”.

Smith, Edmund. 1824-93. Last Confederate general to surrender 1865.

Snow, C.D. 1905-80. English writer. Strangers and Brothers series.

Social Credit. 1919. Douglas’ economic theory. Give money to consumers, producers based on social credits, “liberating” production from price system.

Social Darwinism. 19C theory that social man is subject to the “survival of the fittest”.

Socrates. c470-399BC. Greek philosopher. Knowledge is the key to influencing destiny. Ignorance leaves one subject to fate. Socratic method of teaching by dialog. Dialectic. Condemned for impiety and corrupting the young - drank hemlock. “Know thyself”.

Soddy, Frederick. 1877-1956. English chemist. Isotope theory.

Solon. 630-560BC. Athenian democratic lawgiver, poet. Equality of all citizens before the law. Trial by jury. -“Call no man happy until he is dead.”

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. 1918-2008. Russian novelist. Expelled 1974. Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1962. Gulag Archipelago 1973.

Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

Soufflot, Germain. 1713-80. Protégé of Marigny. Architect of the Panthéon c1757-90.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Spallanzani, Lazzaro. 1729-99. Ended the belief in spontaneous generation of life. Artificial insemination 1780.

Spance, Basil. 1907-76. British architect. New Coventry Cathedral 1951.

Spanish American War. 1898. US supports Cuban rebellion vs Spain. Gains Cuba, Guam, Philippines for $20M, Puerto Rico. Roosevelt. Maine.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Spanish March. 801. Charlemagne in northeast Spain.

Spanish Netherlands. 1581-1714. = Belgium, Luxembourg.

Spanish Succession, War. 1701-14. Britain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs Spain, France. Opposed French Philip V succession to Spanish throne creating power imbalance. Queen Anne’s War.

Sparta. 9C BC-396. A dominant Greek city-state 6-4C BC. Peloponnesian War defeated rival Athens. 396 Visigoths destroy.

Spencer, Herbert. 1820-1903. English evolutionist philosopher. “Survival of the fittest.” Associationism. Anti-socialism, “Best government is the least government.” The Synthetic Philosophy 1860-96. Liberal Utilitarianism.

Spengler, Oswald. 1880-1936. German historian of cultural cycles: Decline of the West 1918-22.

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