Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista. 1710-36. Italian opera buffa composer. La serva padrona 1733. “War of the Buffoons” Paris 1752.

Pericles. c495-429BC. Athenian leader 461-. Led to Athenian dominance of Greece. Parthenon. Height of democracy.

Perrault, Charles. 1628-1703. French poet. Mother Goose 1697.

Perret, Auguste. 1874-1954. French architect in reinforced concrete. Champs-Élyées Theatre.

Perry, Matthew. 1794-1858. US Commodore. Opened Japanese trade 1854.

Peter I. The Great. 1672-1725. Czar of Russia. Created navy. Defeated Sweden 1709. Founded St. Petersburg.

Peter III. 1728-62. Czar 1762. Overthrown by wife Catherine the Great.

Peter the Hermit. 1050-1115. French. Led ill-equipped army in First Crusade.

Peter’s Pence. Tithe paid to papacy.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Pharos. 280BC-13C. Alexandria lighthouse. 135m high. Seven Wonders.

Phidias. c490-430BC. Greek sculptor. Parthenon frieze. 42 foot gold and ivory statue of Zeus at Olympia. 7 Wonders.

Philip I. The Handsome. 1478-1506. King of Castile 1504-. Established Spanish Hapsburg line by marrying daughter of Ferdinand II.

Philip II. 382-336BC. General: unified Macedonia. Alexander’s father.

Philip II. 1165-1223. French Capetian king 1179-. 3rd Crusade. Conquered Flanders. Doubled France. Fought Richard the Lion Heart for Angevin Empire.

Philip IV. The Fair. 1268-1314. French Capetian king 1285-. Taxed Roman Catholic Church. Ended Templars.

Philip V. The Tall. 1293-1322. French king 1316-. Succeeded over Joan by Salic Law.

Philip V. 1683-1746. First Bourbon king of Spain 1700-. Accession led to War of Spanish Succession, loss of Netherlands and Italian possessions. War of Polish Succession.

Philip the Good. 1396-1467. Valois Duke of Burgundy 1419-. Allied with England vs France.

Philippics. Acrimonious orations of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedonia.

Phrynichus. c512-476BC. Athenian playwright. First women characters. Capture of Miletus 494BC.

Physiognomism. Belief in the relationship between personality types and facial characteristics. Lavater. Aristotle.

Pierre de Montreuil. 13 C builder of Notre-Dame Cathedral, architect of Ste-Chapelle, 1248.

Pilgrim Fathers. 1620. English religious Separatists who sailed on Mayflower to avoid persecution.

Pinel, Philippe. 1745-1826. French physician. Revolutionized care of the insane at Salpêtrière with humane treatment.

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