Franco-Prussian War. 1870-1. Unified Germany dominated by Prussia, wins Alsace-Lorraine. Commune. Ems Dispatch.

Frankfurt, Treaty. 1871. Ended Franco-Prussian War. France paid indemnity, gave up Alsace-Lorraine.

Freyr. Norse god of fertility, sun, rain. Freyia’s brother.

Great Train Robbery. 1963. £2.5M stolen.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Iris. Greek personification of the rainbow.

Jacobean Architecture. 1600-1625. English Tudor style refined, restrained and harmonized. U and H plans. Jones.

Le Lorrain, Robert. 1666-1743. French bas-relief sculptor.

Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Lorraine, Claude. 1600-82. French landscape painter, master of sunlight. Sunset 1644.

Materialism. All nature is describable as moving particles. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Büchner. Diderot. Hobbes. Marx. Epicureans.

Mazepa, Ivan. 1644-1709. Cossack. Fought for Ukraine independence from Poland.

Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Orient Express. 1883-1977. Paris-Istanbul train.

Ostrogoths. Germanic peoples. 3C Ukraine kingdom. 406 kingdom in Italy. 370 conquered by Huns. 493 conquered Italy. 555 dispersed by Justinian. Goths.

Panay Incident. 1937. Japanese sink US gunboat in China. US restraint exemplified isolationism.

Penfield, Wilder. 1891-1976. Canadian brain surgeon: Cerebral Cortex of Man.

Porter, Edwin. 1869/70-1941. US filmmaker. First dramatic editing -Great Train Robbery 1903; First US documentary -The Life of an American Fireman 1903.

Pretoria Convention. 1881. Transvaal self-government under British suzerainty.

Prince Rupert’s Land. Hudson Bay drainage area, NW Territory.

Qaeda, al-. 1989 Founded by Arabs in Afghanistan. 1990 Sudan. 1996 Afghan training camps. 2001 World Trade Center. Osama bin Laden.

Qatar. 18C Bahrain. 1868 Independent. 1916 British protectorate. 1971 Independent.

Radzin, Treaty. 1681. Ends First Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Ukraine.

Rainaldi, Girolamo. 1570-1655. Hungarian architect. Brought Mannerism to Rome.

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